Montaillou is a small village in the remote Sabarthès area where Catharism was revived in the fouteenth century.  In 1318 the whole village was arrested on the orders of the bishop of Pamiers, Jacques Fournier, who had been the Cistercian Abbot of Fontfroide and who now felt a vocation as an Inquisitor.  Exceptionally, he was interested in the truth about Catharism, and he kept records of the interrogations.  Even more exceptionally, years later he was elected Pope (Benedict XII) so his records were preserved in the Vatican archives.  These records form the basis of a book about the village by Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie. 

The castle is in a poor state, but at least it is a real "Cathar Castle" rather than a French one.  It even has the Count of Toulouse's flag flying over it usually nowadays (though it actually belonged to the Count of Foix).  In the thirteenth and fouteenth centuries it must have looked much like the one at Pieusse. 

It was in this very church that the philandering local Catholic priest Barthélemy Amilhac seduced the local chatelaine, Béatrice de Planissolles.  This was unremarkable behaviour for a Catholic priest, but the more interesting thing was that he was also a Cathar believer.  (You can read an Eglish translation (by Nancy P. Stork) of the depositions given to the Inquisition by the priest and his lover, Béatrice de Planissolles, Chatellaine of Montaillou.

 

The village of Montaillou Montaillou is a small village and commune in the eastern half of the Pyrenees, then in the independent County of Foix, now in the Ariège département of southern France. The town is best known for being the subject of Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie's pioneering work of microhistory, Montaillou, village occitan. It analyzes the town in detail from 1294 to 1324. Then a village of some 250 people, the daily routines of the people are in the records of Jacques Fournier. Montaillou was one of the last bastions of the Cathar religion (or "Albigensian heresy").

 

 

Jaques Fournier, Bishop of Pamiers and the Fournier Register

Jacques Fournier is believed to have been born in Saverdun in the Comté de Foix around the 1280s to a family of modest means. He became a Cistercian monk and left to study at the University of Paris. In 1311 he was made Abbot of Fontfroide Abbey. In 1317 he became bishop of Pamiers. There he undertook a rigorous hunt for Cathar believers, which won him praise from Catholic authorities, but alienated local people. He was an exceptional Inquisitor. Uniquely "Monsignor Jacques" was interested in what had really happened, kept records of his interrogations and managed to have them preserved to provide a treasure trove for historians. He made a name for himself by his skill as an inquisitor during the period 1318-1325. He conducted a campaign against the last remaining Cathar believers in the village of Montaillou, as well as others who questioned the Catholic faith.

His records have been documented in Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie's pioneering microhistory, Montaillou, village occitan. Complete editions of the register have been published in Latin and in French, but only portions have been translated into English.

He personally supervised almost all of his operations, occasionally useing torture to extract information. The bulk of his interrogations relied on Fournier's verbal skill at drawing out information. He conducted 578 interrogations in the 370 days his Inquisition was in in operation.

Fournier succeeded Pope John XXII (1316–34) as Pope in 1334, being elected on the first conclave ballot. He made peace with the Emperor Louis IV, and came to terms with the Franciscans, who were then at odds with the Roman See. He was a reforming pope who tried to curb the luxuries of the monastic orders, though without success. It was he who ordered the construction of the Palais des Papes in Avignon. He rejected many of the ideas developed by John XXII and campaigned against the Immaculate Conception. He engaged in long theological debates with noted figures such as William of Ockham and Meister Eckhart. He died on 25th April , 1342).

Benedict X is now considered an antipope, but in his own time and for long afterwards recognised as the rightful pope. As a result, the man the Roman Catholic church now officially considers the tenth Pope Benedict took the number XI, rather than X. This has advanced the numbering of all subsequent Popes Benedict by one.

birth (c. 1280)
Bishop of Pamiers (1317)
Bishop of Mirepoix (1326),
Cardinal (1327)
Pope Benedict XII based in Avignon (1334).
Died 1342

The manuscript of Jacques Fournier's Inquisition Record is currently found in the Vatican Library, Lat. MS. 4030. and modern editions are available in Latin and French. For further information, see:

 

 

 

Béatrice de Planissolles

Béatrice de Planissolles was a minor noble in the Comté de Foix in the late thirteenth and early fourteenth century. She was born around 1274, probably in the mountain village of Caussou. Béatrice was the daughter of Philippe de Planissolles a nobleman later convicted of supporting the Cathar religion.

At around the age of twenty Béatrice was married to Bérenger de Roquefort who was the châtelain of the small, and largely Cathar, community of Aillou or Montaillou. Béatrice did not care greatly for her husband and soon began a courtship with Raymond Roussel, steward of the châtelain's estate. She was raped bya man called Pathau Clergue.

In 1302 Bérenger de Roquefort died leaving Béatrice a widow. At this point she became the consort of Pathau Clergue, the man who had raped her. Soon she began a relationship with Pathau's cousin Pierre Clergue, a priest and the most powerful man in the village. This relationship lasted two years before Béatrice decided to leave the village and remarry, wedding Otho de Lagleize, another minor noble. He too died after only a few years of marriage.

In her older years Béatrice took up with a young vicar Barthélemy Arilhac. After a number of years this relationship ended as Barthélemy worried he would be placed in danger by Béatrice's Cathar past. His concerns were justified. They were both arrested by the inquisition and held for a year.

Béatrice first appeared before the Inquisition on Saturday 26 July 1320 at the Episcopal Palace in Pamiers. She had been summoned by Jacques Fournier, the Bishop of Pamiers, to answer charges of blasphemy, witchcraft, and heresy. The charge of witchcraft was supported by the contents of her purse, which included a variety of "objects, strongly suggestive of having been used by her to cast evil spells": two umbilical cords of infants; linens soaked with blood, which was suspected of being menstrual, in a sack of leather, with a seed of cole-wort; and seeds of incense slightly burned; a mirror and a small knife wrapped in a piece of linen; the seed of a certain plant, wrapped in muslin (which she testified had been given to her by a pilgrim as a remedy for epilepsy); a dry piece of bread; written formulae; and numerous morsels of linen.

Barthélemy Arilhac was not punished, but Béatrice was.

With her husbands Béatriceis known to have had four daughters: Condors, Esclaramonde, Philippa, and Ava.

Beatrice's case was particularly interesting. Click on the following link for an English translation of Beatrice's Interogation by the Inquisition

 

 

Montaillou, village occitan de 1294 à 1324, Editions Gallimard (Paris, 1978),

 Montaillou, abridged English version, Penguin (London, 1978), Book by Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie.